Frame-Relay

Is a packet switch technology because they behaviour:

1. Stastical Multiplexing
2. Variable-Length Frame

Devices:
1. DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)
2. DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment)

Virtual Circuits:
1. PVC
2. SVC

Identified by DLCI, DLCI is local significant switched accrose Frame-Relay PSN

Congestion Control
1. DE Bit
2. FECN
3. BECN

When we have rate limit configured in interface we need to have buffer in to handle startup traffic from far site. Normally this burst size is 1.5 times from maximum byte that can be carried by configured rate-limit. For example if we rate-limiting customer traffic to 2048Kbps, than we have this formula:

Burst size: (2048000/8) * 1.5 = 384KByte

and maximum burst size is: 384KByte*2 = 768KByte

Next time I'll give explanation about this formula,

(to be continue...)

This time i'll give explanation on Cisco IOS implementation about BGP conditional filter. In this scenario, we have a prefix 197.68.1.0/24, if this prefix exist in BGP table our backup host, which is new prefix 200.1.1.1/32 will disappear from routing table and if prefix 197.68.1.0/24 disappear from routing table 200.1.1.1/32 will exist in routing table. This is our configuration:


!
router bgp 89
address-family ipv4
neighbor 9.9.28.2 advertise-map lo200-to-bgp non-exist-map route-from-bb2
!
ip prefix-list prefix-for-lo200 seq 5 permit 200.1.1.1/32
!
ip prefix-list prefix-from-bb2 seq 5 permit 197.68.1.0/24
!
route-map route-from-bb2 permit 10
match ip address prefix-list prefix-from-bb2
!
route-map lo200-to-bgp permit 10
match ip address prefix-list prefix-for-lo200
!


In some implementation of inter-as or CsC in MPLS technology you might be found send-label in BGP configuration. In this article, I wouldn't wrote on detail about how to configure this technology, but rather to explain how come this protocol work.

Firstly on BGP Open messages, BGP speaker will announce his capability on this specific extension. I already captured packet flow, please to see picture below:

PPPoE is a protocol to enabling PPP in ethernet environment. ISP typically using this protocol to authenticate remote user who dial to concentrator via DSL or Ethernet via MPLS backbone (AToM/VPLS). There are 5 type of packets in PPPoE

1. PPPoE Active Discovery Initiation (PADI)
2. PPPoE Active Discovery Offer (PADO)
3. PPPoE Active Discovery Request (PADR)
4. PPPoE Active Discovery Session Configuration (PADS)
5. PPPoE Active Discovery Termination (PADT)

All of features in PPP we can use in PPPoE configuration, such as authentication, header commpresion, etc.